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Three Pertinent Inflation Observations
I have three items to discuss in this week’s post.
The first item is an announcement made by the BLS on Tuesday regarding upcoming changes to how the CPI for Health Insurance will be computed.
The backdrop for this change is that the CPI for Health Insurance is an imputed cost for the CPI. When a consumer buys health insurance, he/she is actually buying medical care, plus a suite of insurance products related to the actuarial benefits of pooling risks (that is, it’s much cheaper for people to buy a share of an option on the tail experience of a group of people, than it is for each person to buy a tail on their own experience – which is the main benefit/function of insurance). If all of the cost of health insurance was actually for health insurance, the weight of medical care itself (doctors’ services, e.g.) would be quite low because most of us pay for that care through the insurance company.
So the BLS needs to disentangle the cost of the medical care that we are buying indirectly from the cost of the embedded insurance products. The link above goes into more detail on all of this, but the bottom line is that once per year the BLS figures out what consumers paid for health insurance, how much of that was actually used by the insurance company to purchase health care, and therefore how much is attributable to the cost of the insurance product. Because they do this only once per year, and smear the answer over 12 months, you get step-wise discontinuities in the monthly figures. For many years this was not a big problem, but since 2018 there have been several fairly significant swings. The chart below shows the m/m percent change in health insurance CPI. You can see it went from stable, to +1.5% per month or so in 2018-2020, to -1% for 2020-2021, to +2% for 2021-2022, to -4% in the most-recent year.
That latest period has been a significant and measurable drag on the overall and core CPIs, and it was due to reverse starting with the October 2023 CPI released in November. Estimates were that it was going to be something like 2% per month, roughly. The change announced above introduces some smoothing so that these swings should be significantly dampened. The basic method doesn’t change, but it should be smoother and more-timely since the corrections will be every 6 months instead of every year. In order to make the new calculation method match endpoints, though, this means that starting in October, the +2%ish impact will bedoubled because the BLS will make the ‘normal’ adjustment but smear it over 6 months instead of 12, then transition to the new method.
The implication is that Health Insurance, which will have decreased y/y core CPI by about 0.5% once we get to October, will add 0.25% back over the 6 months ending April. So, we already know about a significant swing higher in core inflation that is coming soon. Take note.
The second item I want to note is M2. It’s a minor thing at this point, but after three months it is worth noticing that M2 is no longer declining. It isn’t a lot, as the chart below shows, but the three months ended April showed a contraction at a 9.6% annualized pace and the most-recent three months saw an increase at a 3.7% pace.
In the long run, 3.7% would certainly be acceptable but remember we still have some M2 velocity rebound to complete. What is interesting is that this is happening despite the fact that the Fed is continuing to reduce its balance sheet and loan officers are saying that lending standards are tightening. It may simply be a return to normal lending behaviors, with a gradual increase in loans that naturally accompany the rising working capital needs of a growing economy. Remember, banks are not reserve-constrained at this point, so they’ll keep lending. Anyway, I don’t want to make too much of 3-month change in the M2 trend, just as I was reluctant to make too much of those early M2 contractions…but this is what I expected to happen. I just expected it earlier. We will see if it continues. If it does, then that in concert with the natural rebound in M2 velocity means that further declines in inflation are going to be difficult, and we might even see some reacceleration.
Finally, the third item for today. In my podcast on Tuesday, I asked the question whether China’s recent sluggish growth, caused partly by its property bubble and overextended banks, meant that we should be looking at recession and disinflation in the US – which is the current meme being promulgated by many economists. I discussed the 1997-1998 “Asian Contagion” episode, and explained that a recession in a “producer” (net exporting) country hits the rest of the world very differently from a recession in a “consumer” (net importing) country like the US. A recession in consumer countries causes recession in producer economies, because the consumer economies are ‘downstream.’ On the other hand, a recession in producer countries can have the opposite effect on its customers – because, when an economy like China is in recession, that means it is providing less competition in the commodity markets that we also use. In turn, that means we can actually grow faster, all else equal.
This is what happened in the Asian Contagion episode, and I wanted to put some charts around that. The Thai baht was the first domino, and it collapsed in August 1997. It wasn’t until fears that the Hong Kong Dollar would de-peg from the USD, in October of that year – precipitating a 7% one-day drop in the Dow – that people in the West started getting very concerned and the Fed started citing troubles in the former Asian Tigers as a downside risk. Here are charts of the period. The first one shows quarterly GDP, which never increased less than 3.5% annualized; the second is median CPI, which was continuing a long period of deceleration from the 1980s prior to the crisis…but which began to accelerate in mid-1998.
The bottom line is that as long as our export sector is relatively small and as long we remain a developed consumer economy, weakness in producing economies is not a dampening effect for us but rather, if anything, a stimulating effect.
Transcript: “What the Money Velocity Comeback Means for Inflation, and Investors”
Episode #50 of the Inflation Guy Podcast was well-received. In particular, my analogy of the car-trailer-spring system to explain why velocity is doing what it is doing garnered some strong positive feedback. Several people suggested that I publish a transcript, for those people who would prefer to read it (or who don’t know I do a podcast). What follows is a somewhat-edited version of the podcast. I took out a lot of “um” and repeat words, and the usual sorts of things that you’re embarrassed to see when you read a transcript of what you said. I tightened it up a little bit in some places and added a clarifying word here and there in brackets. But for the most part, it’s true to the original.
If you have any questions, ping me. And subscribe to the podcast, follow me on Twitter @inflation_guy (or subscribe to the private Twitter feed), or hmu to talk about how we manage money at Enduring Investments for individuals and small institutions.
Hello and welcome to Cents and Sensibility, the Inflation Guy Podcast.
I am Michael Ashton, I’m the Inflation Guy, and I’m your host. And today we have Episode 50 of The Inflation Guy Podcast and I’m going to return to money velocity because we had data out today for the fourth quarter of 2022 and there was a significant move higher in money velocity. I’ll get to that in a bit and talk about the implications that we should take away – the practical implications for what this means.
But I want to talk about this because it’s sort of become de rigueur among certain bond bulls to point at the massive drop that we had in money velocity that coincided with the massive increase in M2 during the COVID-crisis response. And those bond bulls say that velocity is permanently impaired and so the velocity plunged and it’s never gonna come back. And so it successfully blunted the importance of the massive rise in money. But we don’t have to worry about about that ever coming back. We don’t have to worry about it from now on.
This is obviously crucial to the case for lower inflation because that case basically boils down to: money growth has rapidly decelerated – it’s been negative over the last…I think it’s negative over the last 12 months now. But for a while it’s been flat to negative and so “therefore inflation will fall.”
That’s only true, though, if the sharp fall that we had in velocity is not reflected in now having a sharp rise in velocity at the same time that the sharp rise in money is being mirrored by insufficient money growth or money supply decline.
So if money…that spike now comes back and velocity plunged but doesn’t come back, then that’s the case for why we had some inflation, but not as much as the money supply spike would suggest, and now we’re going to have disinflation (or some people even say deflation – hard to believe that though).
To believe that money velocity plunged and then isn’t gonna come back, you have to believe that velocity declined for a permanent reason. But it didn’t, and that’s the bottom line here: that’s not how velocity works.
[This podcast] Episode 10 was about money velocity…and Episode 30. [Periodically in] this podcast [I have] also talked about how money velocity had turned higher last summer; at the time it was just sort of a the beginning of a turn higher. But in this quarter, the quarter just completed – the fourth quarter of 2022 – the velocity of M2 rose at an 11.4% annualized rate (which means it went up 7.3% for the whole year).
That happened, naturally, because we had money supply down while we had fourth quarter growth – real growth “Q” – that was positive, and obviously an increase in prices as well. So your PQ side of things was quite positive for the fourth quarter and M declined. And since velocity is essentially a plug number, it means velocity had to go up a lot to balance the left side of that equation, the MV=PQ equation.
Essentially, what’s really happening with velocity and the reason that velocity sort of had to come back – obviously it’s a plug number, but here’s the bottom line story of why velocity plunged. It wasn’t any permanent impairment. You should think about it this way:
You have a rapid-moving variable in in the money supply which spiked all of a sudden and you have a slower-moving variable, which is prices (because it takes time for people to change prices and for that price change to be picked up in the survey measures at the BLS and so on). And so that’s sort of like you have an automobile attached to a trailer, but instead of having a sort of a fixed rig that is attached to the trailer, you have a spring. So as the car moves away…the car goes into gear and starts to pull away. It’s moving faster than the trailer and so the spring stretches and eventually the trailer starts to move and eventually comes along. And as long as the car doesn’t continue to accelerate forever, eventually that spring will compress again and the trailer will catch up.
In fact, actually that analogy is so apt in this case, I wonder if you can’t model the whole situation with a k constant, like you would with spring physics. Because the analogy is very good. Essentially what’s happening is that, you know, money supply went zooming away and prices came along, but they came along more slowly. And so now the car is sort of sort of decelerating and the trailer (prices) is catching up to the spring, which is money velocity is starting to go back the other direction.
It’s best to think about this…and I mentioned this in the other times that I’ve talked about velocity…it’s best to think about this as being caused by (if you have to think about in terms of a cause: obviously it’s mainly a quantitative thing that sort of has to happen because we have two variables that are moving in two different paces)…it’s best to sort of think about that as being caused by precautionary demand for cash. Which is kind of what happened, right?
So, during the crisis, the government dumped tons and tons of cash into everybody’s accounts and it wasn’t spent immediately. It took some time to spend it.
So why wasn’t it spent immediately? Well, part of it was people had to figure out what to spend it on, but part of it was it was a scary time and so people figured, “well, maybe I’ll hang on to this a little while or maybe I’ll use it to pay off some debts or whatever.” It took a while for it to actually be spent until people’s financial situation got stressed enough that they had to go dip into the money that they swore they were gonna save…or what have you.
That’s the way I have modeled this is as a precautionary demand or a demand [for liquid cash] based on fear and concern about things. But the real reason is that this happened so fast, the money was flushed so fast into the system that there just was no way that prices could really respond that quickly.
Now the bottom line here is that velocity is not permanently impaired. In fact, it should rise with interest rates, as interest rates go up. And that is in fact kind of what’s happening…although I think most of what we’re seeing is this decline in the precautionary demand, but some of it is that with higher interest rates, there are more opportunities to do something other than hold cash earning zero. There’s some opportunities to take that away from true cash balances and checking balances and stuff and put it into term deposits and stuff like that.
And that means that velocity is going to come back (and it is), and that means that prices will eventually have to catch up with the car, right? The trailer eventually has to catch up with the car.
Money supply has risen since the beginning of this crisis, something around 40%, which means that prices are going to have to go up something in that neighborhood.
Actually, if velocity was unchanged over the entire length of this period and money supply only went up 40%…if you want to know how much prices are gonna go up, you have to divide the increase in money supply (that’s 40%) by the increase in GDP, whatever that turns out to be. So if GDP is up 10% then we need to see prices up an aggregate of 30%-ish or so. And so that’s sort of where I think we’re eventually going to go.
So what’s the takeaway? What does that mean, and what should you do about it?
The important takeaway is that while we are past peak inflation for now, there’s no sign that we’re going to crash back to 2% anytime soon. If in fact money velocity had not initially plunged – if velocity had been flat through this whole period – then I would be looking at the [recent] decline in the money supply growth going down to zero, and even negative, and I would say, “look, inflation should be coming down hard here; it should be going negative.” The problem is that we still haven’t had the rise in prices that you would have expected from the initial rise in money. Where that shows up is [in] that velocity plunge and [it] hasn’t come all the way back over the long haul.
The level of prices, as I said, is closely related to the level of M2 over GDP. And that’s just a consequence of the algebra of MV=PQ. So since 1990 that…well, let’s just go back further.
If you go from like 1959 to 1991, about 32 years, that relationship was super tight. M2 over that time period roughly tripled: it was up 286%. Sorry, roughly quadrupled. I’m sorry: M two divided by GDP was up 286% And the GDP deflator was up 303%. So they both roughly quadrupled over that time frame. Since 1990, that tight relationship has been less tight, which has shown up as a lot of velocity volatility.
Now, this is not irrelevant, volatility. Some of it is because there’s a changing definition of money; M2 and M1 have kind of become blurred over time. Some of that volatility is an error in measuring nominal GDP. Some of it, and maybe most of it, is excessive Fed activism on interest rate management…you know, pushing interest rates for example artificially too low since the Global Financial Crisis, which artificially depressed money velocity and so on.
But the basic relationship over a long period of time is still there. There are people out there who sort of adjust money supply in certain ways to get a better fit and I’m just I’m just not super comfortable that I know exactly the right way to do that.
I’m looking at the big picture here and I know if M2 divided by GDP goes up a lot, then we should have prices go up a lot.
Anyway, the bottom line is that inflation is not going to crash back down. We still have a lot of potential energy in the system that is pushing prices higher. And that means that market expectations of inflation are too low right now. The inflation swaps market is pricing that by June we’ll have year-on-year inflation back to 2.16%, which would just be an amazing crash back down without gasoline plunging back down. That would be truly, truly amazing. And 10 year inflation expectations, as measured by breakevens (the difference between 10 year nominal treasuries and 10 year TIPS, the difference in those yields), is 2.3% right now. That’s just crazy. Tthose expectations are just too low unless velocity’s permanently impaired.
And what that means practically for you, the investor, is that if anything you should be overweight (still) inflation hedges even though inflation is coming down from its recent peak. At the very least you should be no worse than flat – you shouldn’t be short inflation here.
You probably should be in inflation-linked bonds still rather than nominal bonds. [There are] a couple of different reasons for that, but one of them is that right now inflation-linked bonds, or [rather] the nominal bond market, is pricing inflation way too cheaply. Inflation-linked bonds will give you actual inflation and it’s likely to be higher than what’s being priced in the nominal bond market.
Real estate, commodities…all these things which are classic inflation hedges are probably still good here,even though inflation is coming down. In general, equities are not good in that kind of circumstance, but if you’re going to be in equities – and everyone tends to hold some equities – you should look for firms with pricing power. What does that mean? Hell if I know what “firms with pricing power” means exactly. Everyone thinks they have pricing power until they don’t, and they think they don’t have it until they try it and discover that they do, right?
Right now, all kinds of firms do have power to raise prices and many of them are raising prices. So it’s hard to tell which ones are the ones that will be able to keep raising prices to keep up with the input cost pressure (largely wages) that they’re going to continue to have here going forward.
Which companies have the ability to sort of stay ahead of that? I’d say in general, you’re gonna look at firms that have a lower labor content, because commodity prices have come down…or they’re going up less fast, I guess. But labor rates continue to rise rapidly and probably will for some time.
I think firms with domestic supply chains are probably better off, or at least North American supply chains, are probably better off than the ones with long international supply chains.
I think that maybe something like apartment REITS could be interesting, especially because everybody was so convinced that that real estate was going to collapse – and it’s clearly not collapsing. Rents is something that tends to keep up with wages over time. Maybe rents have gotten a little bit ahead of themselves, but I think that the decline or the deceleration in rents is probably already kind of priced into those markets.
As always, by the way, podcast musings should not be construed as recommendations.
You know, I try to avoid mentioning specific tickers all the time because I’m an advisor and that gets sticky because if you recommend, say, Tesla, [then] you have to then give all the reasons why Tesla might go down and, you know, there’s all kinds of rules about that. So I try to not spend a lot of time recommending specific securities. But you know, you can always become a client! And we can talk all about it. Or you can send me email at inflationguy@enduringinvestments.com and we can have some conversations about that, but the bottom line is that you shouldn’t be letting your guard down.
Money velocity has been coming back for a while; it’s starting to come back more seriously. Even though money supply is declining, or flat to declining, it does not mean that inflation is going to plunge back to 2% because we have this potential energy that’s still working its way through the system. There’s no sign that velocity is permanently impaired.
So, don’t let your guard down. Defend Your Money! …and if inflation is coming for you, remember: you know a guy.
